Gender Bias Research Articles

Socio-Economic Status of Women Teachers Employees in India

Abstract: Sexual orientation discrimination in India is the chief reason that has influenced women's socio- economic turn of events. Women in country territories are known to need sufficient offices and education for their turn of events. Most women in country zones have less access to social insurance. Most of women in towns are housewives and work for their occupation in the homestead division. In this study we concentrated on the socio-economic status of women employees of women teachers. The point of this study is to choose the distinction between the economic and cultural position, the association between the fragment status of women teachers and their economic prosperity, the association between the portion status of women teachers and their economic status, and to study the association between the profile components of women teachers and their social position. In the current study we inspect the relationship between the elements of the profile of the female teachers and their satisfaction at work. For this study the A pilot test was conducted and corrections were made in the questionnaire, as were other sources, for example, journals, papers, diaries, reports, articles and related investigations. The scientist gathered information from 300 female respondents picked utilizing a delineated irregular inspecting method. Among the 300 women respondents, 245 are working on a regular basis and 55 are on temporary/Guest basis. Random sampling method to distribute questionnaires was followed by the researcher, and user data was obtained. From the study one can see that strong measures are expected to upgrade the socio-economic status of women instructor employees. Women are intensely tried out advanced education and business. It might be because of government concerns in education and work, and Women's Universities and Colleges being established. In spite of the fact that their proportion is high, contrasted with that of guys, their rank isn't high. Various factors, for example, age, sexual orientation, religion, conjugal status, number of wards, scholarly qualifications, specialized qualifications, position, sort of school, nature of occupation and number of long stretches of experience influence the status of women instructor employees. Along these lines it is essential to improve the socio-economic conditions of women teachers. Female teachers ought to endeavor to find some kind of harmony between their work and family jobs. In addition to encouraging they ought not stop for a second to accept obligations. It builds their organizationalstatus as well as energizes their trust in themselves. Through taking part in different preparing programs, addresses, conferences, workshops and taking up further study courses they can findout to an ever increasing extent

Sexual harassment as a gender inequality and a form of workplace discrimination: A South African perspective

Sexual harassment is not a new phenomenon in South Africa. The continued existence of sexual harassment in the workplace specifically targeted at female employees undermines the constitutional rights to equality, human dignity, privacy, physical and psychological integrity, and fair labour practices. Against this backdrop, this article examines the different contributory factors that exacerbate or provide an enabling environment for sexual harassment to persist namely; gender inequality, sexist attitudes, and inefficient grievance procedures. Using an in-depth analysis of literature scholarly works, government reports, and legislative frameworks aimed at preventing sexual harassment in the workplace, and the selected jurisprudence of the courts, this article scrutinises the phenomenon of sexual harassment as a gendered harm. It evaluates whether there are adequate measures aimed at assisting victims of sexual harassment and gender inequalities in South Africa. Finally, in its conclusion, the article argues that, for labour legislation to efficiently address the prevalence of sexual harassment it should adopt a threefold function namely to address sexual harassment as a form of an unfair labour practice, gender discrimination and psychosocial harm.

Addressing gender in STEM classrooms: The impact of gender bias on women scientists' experiences in higher education careers in Germany

AbstractGender bias underlying discrimination against women are particularly salient in STEM higher education. Complementing top-down measures to mitigate these issues identified in the extant literature, we aim to highlight a complementary bottom-up approach. First, to elicit gender stereotypes and gender bias in STEM, we conducted a group concept mapping (GCM) study involving women professors, teaching staff, and scientific staff from different STEM disciplines at German universities (N = 70). We first asked them to provide statements reflecting their experience in response to the following focus prompt: ‘In my career as a STEM teacher, I experienced gender issues related to:’ Experts were then asked to thematically cluster and rank the statements according to their importance and feasibility with respect to a potential pedagogical intervention that may target these issues. Findings revealed an agreement across STEM disciplines regarding stereotypical beliefs about women, heteronomous gender roles, gender workload, sexism, and structural power relations, in that they remain significant factors for hindering female success in STEM careers in higher education. Based on their experience, however, the women saw potential in working on the awareness of gender bias with pedagogical interventions in online group learning scenarios (CSCL). Statements rated most appropriate were discussed in the light of the aspects of gender bias addressed, with a specific focus on addressing them in collaborative scripts.

The Role of Surgeon Gender in Patient Surgeon-Selection in Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery: A Crowdsourcing Analysis

Abstract Goals/Purpose Plastic and reconstructive surgery (PRS), and especially aesthetic surgery, is uniquely characterized by an increased ability to research and select their surgeon. As the increasing number of female plastic surgeons begin to establish themselves in practice, it remains understudied if gender or implicit gender biases is a variable in patient surgeon-selection. Wallis, et al.’s landmark paper in 2023 suggested that female surgeons exhibited a lower risk-adjusted likelihood of adverse postoperative outcomes, including mortality, hospital readmission, and major medical complications, although the precise mechanisms remain unclear. Currently, it is unknown if the public is aware of these findings, and if it these findings would impact patient-surgeon selection. Patient-surgeon selection may be an opportunity where PRS may lead surgical subspecialties in addressing implicit surgeon gender biases due to the predominance of female patients, and improved gender representation in surgical training programs compared to other surgical subspecialties. The purpose of this study is to explore public preferences and perspectives on the role of surgeon gender in patient surgeon-selection in PRS, and if knowledge of gender-correlated surgical outcomes impact surgeon selection. A secondary aim is to examine if these public preferences differ between reconstructive versus aesthetic surgery. Methods/Technique A cross-sectional survey was distributed through Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (mTurk). Subjects were at least 18 years old and residents of the United States. Participants were briefed about hypothetical scenarios involving aesthetic and reconstructive surgical procedures, and then asked to choose either a male and female surgeon. They were then presented with an excerpt of Wallis, et al. (2023) findings, and reassessed for surgeon gender preference. The participant cohort was stratified by gender, classifying them as female and male responders. Differences between groups were evaluated using the unpaired t-test and Fisher exact tests. Multivariate logistic regression models were constructed to assess associations between plastic surgeon gender preference and sociodemographic characteristics. Stata statistical software (STATA Corp., BE, 18.0) was used to conduct all statistical analyses. Results/Complications A total of 547 participants were included. Of those, 310 (56.7%) were male and 237 (43.3%) were female. The mean age was 33.8 (SD 6.8) for the male group and 35.1 (SD 7.2) for the female group. Both groups had similar percentages of level of education (p=0.071). Significant differences were observed in race (p=0.004), ethnicity (p<0.001), U.S. region of residency (p<0.001), and religion (p<0.001) (Table 1). Both groups had similar percentages of previous PRS background/interest (M: 81.3%, F: 86.1%, p=0.164). However, female participants had higher percentages of aesthetic background/interest (86.1%) compared to the male counterparts (78.7%, p=0.033). Similar interest/background in reconstructive procedures was found between groups (M: 60.0%, F: 45.6%, p=0.222) (Table 2). Statistically significant differences emerged in overall preferences for physician's gender (p<0.001), as well as preferences for the gender of plastic surgeons conducting aesthetic non-surgical (p<0.001), aesthetic surgical (p<0.001), and reconstructive surgical procedures (p<0.001), particularly favoring the same-gender preference. A higher percentage of male participants believed that the plastic surgeon's gender impacts surgical outcomes (77.4% vs. 62.0%, p<0.001), associating better outcomes with male surgeons (91.2%). The majority of female responders favored female surgeons for better outcomes (63.9%, p<0.001). Following exposure to an excerpt from the Wallis, et al. (2023) published article, preferences for female plastic surgeons increased among both groups, with statistically higher rates in the male group (79.4% vs. 69.6%; p=0.010) (Table 3). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that for aesthetic surgical procedures, female gender [10.65 OR; 95% CI (5.65–1.29); p<0.001], living in the Southwest region [1.88 OR; 95% CI (1.11–12.62); p=0.033], were factors independently linked to a higher preference for female plastic surgeons. Conversely, age [0.97 OR; 95% CI (0.94–0.99); p=0.025], and having a background/interest in reconstructive procedures [0.57 OR; 95% CI (0.35–0.93); p=0.027] were associated with a lower preference for female plastic surgeons in this category (Table 5). Following presentation of an excerpt from the Wallis, et al. (2023) article, Hispanic ethnicity [2.67 OR; 95% CI (1.31–5.48); p=0.007], residing in the Southeast region [3.12 OR; 95% CI (1.43–6.81); p=0.004], having a background/interest in aesthetic [2.05 OR; 95 %CI (1.16–3.63); p=0.014], and reconstructive procedures [3.86 OR; 95% CI (2.29–6.51); p<0.001] were associated with a higher likelihood of shifting preference towards female plastic surgeons (Table 7). Conclusion Participants demonstrated a predominant preference for surgeons of the same gender across aesthetic non-surgical, aesthetic surgical, and reconstructive procedures. Initially, gender biases affected perceptions of surgeon gender and surgical outcomes, particularly notable among male participants. However, this preference notably changed following exposure to a segment of published literature on surgeon outcomes based on gender. These findings support the importance of gender diversity in plastic surgery due to patient preference, and suggests that implicit gender biases in patient surgeon-selection persist, but can potentially be addressed with patient education. Rigorous future studies are required to expand hypothesizes generated from this proof-of-concept study, and should emphasize including non-binary populations.

Entrepreneurship Education in Interactions in English Terminale and Mastering English (High School), Cameroon EFL/ESL Textbooks: A Critical Discourse Analysis

Entrepreneurship education in the 21st century has increasingly become an important topic in the field of language teaching. EFL/ESL textbooks, in the process of teaching English, have incorporated, among themes of interest, entrepreneurship, which is helpful to transform students’ environments, improve their socio-economic status, and keep them away from poverty. However, the teaching methodology and the quality of materials selected bear questionable social practices likely to denature textbook designers’ laudable intentions. This paper is a critical discourse analysis of the teaching of entrepreneurship in two selected Cameroon English language textbooks used in the French and English subsystems of education, namely Interactions in English Terminale and Mastering English (High School). It is a sociolinguistic qualitative study which hinges on Fairclough’s (2001) three-dimensional theoretical paradigm, which holds that discourses are not language-bound but encompass internal features that (re)produce social structures, social practices, and power relations, reinforcing social inequalities and hegemonic ideologies. The findings yielded significant findings, showing that both Interactions in English Terminale and Mastering English textbooks are replications of the political, economic, and social institutions of Cameroon society and inadvertently promote gender discrimination in terms of entrepreneurship representation. The textbooks examined are too idealistic in their entrepreneurial discourses and outcomes. They fail to expose students to the realities of entrepreneurial ventures, thereby depriving them of the risks and challenges faced by the prominent entrepreneurs celebrated in their course books. This study is relevant as it contributes to the improvement of entrepreneurship pedagogy in EFL/ESL textbooks used in Cameroon classrooms while adopting realistic overtones.

Evaluating layperson interpretation of actuarial sexual violence risk data: A multi-method comparison of risk communication with attention to gender bias.

Forensic clinicians are often called upon to help courts determine the likelihood that someone will continue to commit sexually violent acts in the future. The utility of these evaluations depends largely on how effectively the results are communicated to and understood by the trier of fact. Actuarial results, such as those commonly reported in sexual offense risk assessments, appear particularly challenging for laypersons to understand. Using a representative sample of 206 U.S. adults, this study examines three methods of communicating actuarial risk via simulated expert testimony on participants' ratings of a hypothetical evaluee's risk of sexual re-offending. The results suggested that all participants, regardless of how results were communicated, over-estimated the examinee's risk level relative to the expert's probabilistic findings, but tended to agree with the expert's categorical predictions. Participants who were only shown actuarial data consistently rated the evaluee as more dangerous and likely to commit future sexually violent acts. Additionally, it was found that gender significantly impacted participants' perceptions, such that women found the evaluee more dangerousness and desired greater social distance from him. This study has implications for best practices regarding expert communication of actuarial results in cases involving sexual violence.

AMBER Alert: An Ironic Antidote to “Missing White Girl Syndrome”?

“Missing White Girl Syndrome” (MWGS) has been coined in critique of news media coverage favoritism of victims fitting that description. The AMBER Alert child recovery system was in fact inspired by the abduction and murder of a missing white girl, and some have argued its issuance decisions reflect MWGS. We examine this question using secondary data, including the annual AMBER Alert reports provided by the National Center for Missing and Exploited Children (NCMEC), the National Incidence Studies of Missing, Abducted, Runaway, and Thrownaway Children (NISMART), and the National Crime Information Center (NCIS). We compared the demographics of victims from official AMBER Alert data (NCMEC) with cross-comparable demographics from the two official missing persons data sources to test for potential main-effect bias favoring whites or girls. A fourth dataset derived from media accounts of AMBER Alerts is used to test for any potential interaction effect of issuance preference for white girls. Overwhelmingly the findings suggest AMBER Alert issuance decisions do not reflect MWGS. Thus, we argue the system has the potential to function as an ironic “antidote” to MWGS by virtue of the identities of the children for whom it is routinely deployed. However, we qualify by acknowledging limitations with available data, and that the “black box” of AMBER Alert issuance decisions remains unstudied, leaving open the question of race and/or gender bias occurring at that point. Policy discourse and future research implications are discussed.

Distinct profiles of mental health need and high need overall among New Zealand adolescents - Cluster analysis of population survey data.

The objective was to identify clinically meaningful groups of adolescents based on self-reported mental health and wellbeing data in a population sample of New Zealand secondary school students. We conducted a cluster analysis of six variables from the Youth19 Rangatahi Smart Survey (n = 7721, ages 13-18 years, 2019): wellbeing (World Health Organization Well-Being Index), possible anxiety symptoms (Generalized Anxiety Disorder 2-item, adapted), depression symptoms (short form of the Reynolds Adolescent Depression Scale) and past-year self-harm, suicide ideation and suicide attempt. Demographic, contextual and behavioural predictors of cluster membership were determined through multiple discriminant function analysis. We performed cross-validation analyses using holdout samples. We identified five clusters (n = 7083). The healthy cluster (n = 2855, 40.31%) reported positive mental health across indicators; the anxious cluster (n = 1994, 28.15%) reported high possible anxiety symptoms and otherwise generally positive results; the stressed and hurting cluster (n = 667, 9.42%) reported sub-clinical depression and possible anxiety symptoms and some self-harm; the distressed and ideating cluster (n = 1116, 15.76%) reported above-cutoff depression and possible anxiety symptoms and high suicide ideation; and the severe cluster (n = 451; 6.37%) reported the least positive mental health across indicators. Female, rainbow, Māori and Pacific students and those in higher deprivation areas were overrepresented in higher severity clusters. Factors including exposure to sexual harm and discrimination were associated with increasing cluster severity. We identified high prevalence of mental health challenges among adolescents, with distinct clusters of need. Youth mental health is not 'one size fits all'. Future research should explore youth behaviour and preferences in accessing support and consider how to best support the mental health of each cluster.

The effectiveness of a brief video-based intervention in reducing gender bias in Korea

IntroductionGender bias deepens gender disparities by fueling gender conflicts. Thus, effective interventions for gender bias are necessary. Understanding gender discrimination experienced by another gender, both emotionally and logically, may contribute to reducing gender bias in Korean society. Hence, we conducted an online experiment using Video Interventions for Diversity in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics (VIDS) to examine the effectiveness of shortened VIDS intervention through perspective taking in reducing gender bias.MethodsA sample of Korean adults aged 19–39 (n = 160, 61.8% women, 38.2% men) were recruited. In the treatment group, male participants watched VIDS videos that portrayed a woman getting gender prejudiced and female participants watched VIDS videos showing a man receiving gender biased treatment in the society. The videos presented to treatment group consisted of one narrative and one expert video from VIDS, which stimulate emotional and logical understanding of the another gender, respectively. Participants in the control group watched a control video that was irrelevant to gender bias. All participants then answered gender bias questionnaire, as well as cultural orientation questionnaire.ResultsCultural orientation as a covariance, ANCOVA (Analysis of Covariance) revealed participants in the treatment group showed significantly lower gender bias than the control group. Within the treatment group, a moderation analysis showed that logical thinking moderated the relationship between emotional immersion and decreased gender bias, meaning stimulated logical thinking from watching the videos affected how engaging emotionally to the another gender’s situation lowers gender bias.DiscussionOur findings suggest that VIDS, a video-based gender bias intervention tool, can still be effective when edited briefly. Furthermore, one’s perspective-taking strategy can be considered when trying to decrease gender bias through videos that promote perspective-taking. The findings highlight the possibility of utilizing short video intervention that enhances perspective taking on decreasing gender bias.

Peer social support moderates the impact of ethnoracial discrimination on mental health among young sexual minority men of color

Few studies have examined developmentally relevant sources of resilience, such as peer social support, among young sexual minority men (SMM) of color experiencing discrimination and mental health distress. To address this gap in the literature, we examined the role of peer social support in the association between discrimination and mental health distress in a sample of young SMM of color. Ninety-four cisgender young SMM of color (aged 16–29) were recruited through community-based organizations in the New York City metropolitan area as part of an effectiveness trial of a tailored Motivational Interviewing intervention. Participants completed a baseline survey that included measures of school/workplace ethnoracial discrimination, sexual orientation discrimination, peer social support, and symptoms of anxiety and depression. Results of multivariable models indicated some evidence of the stress-buffering effects of peer social support. School/workplace ethnoracial discrimination was negatively associated with symptoms of anxiety ( B = −0.12, SE = 0.03, p < .001) and depression ( B = 0.44, SE = 0.15, p = .005) among young SMM of color with lower levels of peer social support. Peer social support did not moderate the association between sexual orientation discrimination and either depression or anxiety. Findings provide some evidence of the protective role of peer social support. We discuss the implications of the results for practice with young SMM of color with mental health distress.

Linguistic Analysis of Racial and Gender Biases in Letters of Recommendation of Neurology Residency Applicants (S33.003)

Linguistic Analysis of Racial and Gender Biases in Letters of Recommendation of Neurology Residency Applicants (S33.003)

Implementation of Cultural Awareness and Cognitive Bias Training Within Graduate Nursing Programs.

Cognitive bias negatively affects patient outcomes, resulting in medical errors, sentinel events, and legal claims. The brunt of bias-induced inequities and disparities has fallen on Black and Brown people, women, and the LGBTQ+ communities. Faculty training programs have rapidly increased in number, whereas student training has lagged. A three-part curricular series was developed for students seeking nurse practitioner (NP) training. The series addressed racial bias, microaggression, and gender bias using vignettes and guided pre- and debriefing. The series was initially implemented to 70 students from four different specialty areas of study. Students resoundingly reported the content as valuable and challenging and the environment as a safe space to learn, be vulnerable, and be empathetic to the experiences of others. This three-part series has been implemented across eight NP majors and has become a required component of the NP on-campus intensive experience. [J Nurs Educ. 2024;63(X):XXX-XXX.].

Sexisme bienveillant en entreprise : perceptions, impacts sur les projections de carrière et stratégies d’adaptation

<p>The workplace is not free from gender bias. In recent years, efforts to eradicate gender-based discriminatory behaviours at work have emerged (EIGE, 2021). However, a form of sexism still seems to be accepted because of its subjectively positive dimension: benevolent sexism (Glick & Fiske, 1996). This qualitative study examines the perception of benevolent sexism among female civil engineers, its potential impact on their career projections, and the strategies used to cope with benevolent sexist micro-aggressions. Semi-directed interviews were conducted with seven female civil engineer participants. The interviews were then analysed according to the steps of the interpretative phenomenological analysis method (Smith, 1996), combining a vertical and a horizontal analysis. Our results show a low perception of benevolent sexism by the participants interviewed and a very limited effective impact on their career projections. Seven coping strategies emerged from the interviews: confronting, desensitizing, recontextualizing, seeking support, refocusing, taking collective action, and leaving the company. The results obtained in this research can be explained by a habituation to sexist behaviours during studies in a predominantly male field, the importance of the contextual elements, particularly the high rate of employability of these women, and the potential effectiveness of the coping strategies implemented. Two main purposes were identified in these coping strategies: acting directly on perpetrators in order to decrease discrimination frequency and intensity (resistance), and reducing the impact of sexist behaviours on the target without affecting perpetrators (resignation).</p>

Unveiling Gender Biases in Recruitment: A Natural Language Processing Approach

This paper investigates the potential of AI to identify gender biases in recruitment for senior management positions in businesses, dealing with many documents. It aims to unravel the impact of gender biases in job advertisements as a possible reason behind the underrepresentation of women in the corporate world. An innovative experiment that extracts and analyses 2.198 job offers published in February and September 2021 in the Financial Times newspaper is presented. Natural language techniques are used. These methods identify the most frequent terms and their appearance rate in the advertisements showing the gender biases they generate. By enabling the analysis of many documents, the method allows the accurate identification of gender biases. This use is unique in management studies. The results show a strong co-occurrence of terms associated with male roles in the studied sectors. The concept of agentic-communal role differentiation, rooted in the Identity, homosocial, and TM-TM theories, supports the findings. This knowledge will contribute to using NLP to discover gender biases in recruitment for high decision-making positions proposing action to improve the present situation. Should more women ascend to decision-making positions, selection processes should be improved to reflect a more neutral language. At the same time, cultural changes should be promoted in the corporate world toward more inclusive workplaces.

ATTENTION TO PROBLEMATIC SOCIAL GROUP REPRESENTATION IN GUIDANCE FOR USING MASS MEDIA IN ENGLISH EDUCATION

While media studies amply document problematic social group representation in mass media materials, how English language educators are equipped to address these issues when they engage in the common practice of appropriating such artifacts for teaching is unclear. This research responds by collecting 319 prominent Internet sources providing guidance on using mass media materials for language learning and subjecting them to a content analysis. This analysis draws upon ten forms of problematic social group portrayal in the mass media as a conceptual lens. Analysis results indicate little attention to ableism, ageism, Christonormativity, classism, colorism, gender bias, heternormativity, lookism/sizeism, racism, and urbanormativity with articles universally acclaiming the integration of mass media materials into language teaching, primarily on the grounds of “authenticity.” Defined as materials authored by and for native speakers, this is an authenticity insensitive to authentic social group representation. This research is significant because of teacher reliance on the Internet as a source of materials, because of the global reach of English language teaching, the power of mass media, especially for youth socialization, and because there is a lack of previous research concerning how language teachers are trained to consider problematic social group representation in mass media artifacts.

Not a dream wedding: the hidden nexus between gender discrimination, climate change and child marriage

Not a dream wedding: the hidden nexus between gender discrimination, climate change and child marriage

Religiosity and gender bias structure social networks

Abstract Studies examining gender differences in the social relationship rewards associated with costly religious practice have been surprisingly few. Here, we use data from 289 residents of an agricultural Tibetan village to assess whether individuals are more inclined to establish supportive relationships with religious individuals in general and to investigate the gender disparities in the relationship between religiosity and personal network characteristics. Our results reveal that participation in religious rituals contributes to the overall development of social support networks. The benefits to personal networks, however, seem to be contingent upon gender. For resource-intensive, infrequent religious rituals such as distant pilgrimages, males seem to benefit slightly more in terms of elevated in-degree values in their personal networks, despite similar levels of investment as females. In contrast, for daily, low-cost religious practices requiring ongoing participation, both genders obtain similar increase in in-degree values through regular engagement. It becomes more challenging for women to increase their status in communities when the effort invested in religious rituals yields smaller rewards compared to the same effort by men, contributing to ongoing gender inequality. These findings highlight the importance of examining the particular characteristics of religious rituals and the gender disparities in the associated rewards.

Body Dissatisfaction, Perceived Gender Discrimination, Belief in a Just World, and Career-Choice Pessimism in Korean Female College Students: A Moderated Mediation Model

Body Dissatisfaction, Perceived Gender Discrimination, Belief in a Just World, and Career-Choice Pessimism in Korean Female College Students: A Moderated Mediation Model

Girls in scrubs: An ethnographic exploration of the clinical learning environment.

Gender bias is an enduring issue in the medical profession despite women being more represented within medical schools and the health care workforce in numerous countries across the world. There have been frequent calls for further exploration of gender-based discriminations within medical education, owing to its lasting impact on student's professional development and career trajectories. This paper presents an ethnographic exploration of the experiences of female medical students and doctors in the clinical learning environment (CLE), aiming to disrupt the cycle of gender inequity in the clinical workplace. Our research field involved two teaching wards in a Scottish urban hospital, where 120 h of non-participant observations were conducted over 10months. Combining purposive and convenience sampling, we conducted 36 individual interviews with key informants, which included medical students, foundation doctors, postgraduate trainees, consultant supervisors, and other health care professionals such as nurses and pharmacists. Data was thematically analysed using Bourdieu's theory of social power reproduction. The research team brought diverse professional backgrounds and perspectives to the exploration of data on gendered encounters. Combining the observational and interview data, five themes were generated, which suggested gender-related differentials in social and cultural capital that the participants acquired in the CLE. Experiences of discriminatory behaviour and stereotypical thought processes impacted the female students' engagement and drive towards learning, implying an adverse influence on habitus. In contrast, the valuable influence of gendered role-models in building confidence and self-efficacy signified a positive transformation of habitus. The research participants displayed considerable internalisation of the gendered processes in the CLE that appeared to be linked to the transient nature of clinical placements. This research reveals that despite constituting the majority demographic of medical school, female students struggle to gain social and cultural capital. Gendered hierarchies that structure clinical workplaces disadvantage female students and doctors, and the differential experiences transform their habitus. Based on our theoretically informed investigation, we advocate for role-models given their positive impact on students' and doctors' habitus. Additionally, medical educators may consider extended clinical placements that provide opportunities for female students and early-career doctors to secure social and cultural capital through integrating better in health care teams and building meaningful interprofessional relationships.

Decentering the Patent: Opportunities to Reframe American Innovation Rhetorics

ABSTRACT Rhetoricians have long critiqued gendered (Gurak; Koerber) and racial (Banks; Haas) biases in rhetorics of science and technology. However, we have yet to fully consider how the patent, as a genre, perpetuates these biases both in the constraints it places on contemporary definitions of invention and innovation and in how it distorts historical narratives about who invented in the past. Delineating the patent’s limitations as an index of inventive activity, this article advocates for more expansive understandings of invention. It argues that American patents have, since the nineteenth century, affirmed a dominant “rhetoric of innovation” that has since functioned as much as a marker of privilege as it has an index of inventiveness. Using the example of early twentieth-century Black hair culture, this article suggests other ways of recovering historical inventiveness among groups of Americans possessing their own, alternative “rhetorics of innovation” that reflect their culturally situated strategies for empowerment.